The apolipoprotein E alleles were not associated with hypertension, obesity, smoking, or diabetes, but the epsilon 4 allele frequency was reduced in women after 60 years of age.
Multiple logistic regression analysis created a model of significant MARCD predictors, including age (odds ratio [OR], 1.1 per year), hypertension (OR, 3.4), and the apoE epsilon 2/epsilon 3 genotype (OR, 3.0).
The authors examined the risk of AD associated with the APOE-epsilon4 allele, the APOE-epsilon2 allele, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, low educational level, estrogen replacement therapy, and history of head trauma with loss of consciousness among samples of white non-Hispanics (WNH) (392 AD patients, 202 normal subjects) and white Hispanics (WHIS) (188 AD patients, 84 normal controls).
Analyses included APOE genotype, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, and other potential confounders such as a history of hypertension, smoking, aspirin use, previous stroke, or ischemic heart disease.
We further assessed the possibility that either of these genes may interact with the apolipoprotein E gene, a known risk factor for hypertension and AD, on predicting AD.
In CAAH, APOE epsilon 2 may interact with putative risk factors for hemorrhage, including antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication, minor head trauma, and hypertension.
These results suggest that the presence of the APOE promoter polymorphism is not a major risk factor for hypertension but that it does have some minor effect on basal blood pressure variation.
To evaluate this effect in vivo, apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice were randomly assigned to receive standard chow, a high-cholesterol diet, or a high-cholesterol diet with hypertension induced by angiotensin II infusion for 8 weeks.
Subjects with APOE/epsilon 4 were significantly ( P < 0.03) more frequent (19.7%) in normotensives than in hypertensives (16.9%), the estimated odds ratio for hypertension (with APOE/epsilon 4 versus without APOE/epsilon 4) being 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70-0.98].
Our data show an association between apolipoprotein E genotype and hypertension and support the hypothesis that the apolipoprotein set membership, vertical bar on horizontal stroke 4 allele is a susceptibility locus for systolic hypertension and carotid artery atherosclerosis.
Persons with higher age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), ApoE epsilon4 allele carriers (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15-3.64) and persons with medicated hypertension (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05-3.29) were more likely to convert to MCI than those individuals of lower age and without an ApoE epsilon4 allele or medicated hypertension.
In conclusion, in Slovene women risk genotypes of the apoE gene polymorphism are not associated with premature CAD; a metabolic clustering of diabetes, HDL, triglycerides and arterial hypertension is frequently present in Caucasian women with premature CAD.
Prospective cohort study based on 54 general practices in the UK; 657 survivors of the 1088 participants in the MRC treatment trial of hypertension in older adults were followed for up to 11 years; 370 participants (57% of survivors) were traced, screened for dementia, and genotyped for APOE in 1994.
Exploratory analyses revealed that the strongest effect of APOE epsilon4 was in subjects age <65 (OR 3.08, CI 1.43 to 6.64), and was stronger in those with hypertension or cardiovascular disease than in those without.
APOE (HhaI) and APOB (XbaI and Ins/Del) polymorphisms were not associated with hypertension or variations in serum concentrations of lipids, while subjects with the APOB E- allele had higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels than E+ carriers (P<0.05).
We examined whether nondemented stroke patients with (1) a prestroke history of hypertension and (2) APOE4 were more cognitively impaired at 3 months after stroke.
In this population, we analyzed the relationship between background risk factors [age, gender, the G1691A polymorphisms of factor V gene, the C677T polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, the 844ins68bp polymorphisms of the cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) gene, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms] and environmental risk factors, both atherogenic (smoke, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity) and thrombogenic (smoke, homocysteine, fibrinogen) by a Markov block-recursive modeling approach.
So far the major findings have included: apolipoprotein E e4, a major risk factor for AD in most populations, is also a risk factor for AD in African Americans but not for Yoruba; African Americans are at higher risk not only for AD, but also for diseases associated with increased cardiovascular risk such as hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome; African Americans have higher rates of hypercholesterolemia than Yoruba: there is an interaction between apolipoprotein E e4, cholesterol, and AD risk in both Yoruba and African Americans.