We also evaluated the efficacy of clopidogrel (CLP), an antagonist of the ADP-P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> platelet receptor, alone or in combination with an antiviral agent (oseltamivir) against influenza infection in mice.
Therefore, our findings indicate that the nucleotide variation at position 5 in the 3' end of the vRNA promoter between FluA and FluB viruses contributes to their RNP incompatibility, which may shed new light on the mechanisms of intertypic exclusion of reassortment between FluA and FluB viruses.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Genetic reassortment of influenza virus plays a key role in virus evolution and the emergence of pandemic strains.
The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly.
Entry of CoVs into host cells is mediated by the viral spike (S) protein, which is structurally categorized as a class I viral fusion protein, within the same group as influenza virus and HIV.
Flow cytometry experiments identified human plasma vitronectin as a ligand for the bacterial receptor outer membrane protein H of Haemophilus influenzae type f. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to characterize the protein-protein interactions between purified recombinant protein H and vitronectin, and binding affinity was assessed using bio-layer interferometry.
These results indicated that VPS28, a component of ESCRT-I, and Cdc42, a small G protein, are associated with the M1 protein and involved in the influenza virus life cycle.
These findings are the first to demonstrate that vimentin is critical for influenza viral infection as it facilitates endosomal trafficking and acidification, and mediates viral genome penetration into the cytoplasm to propagate the infection.
This review summarized the recent advancements in the research and development of influenza subunit and VLP vaccines based on the recombinant expression of hemagglutinin antigen (HA), neuraminidase antigen (NA), Matrix 2 protein (M2) and nucleocapsid protein (NP).
We previously reported the cross-protective efficacy of virus-like particle (M2e5x VLP) vaccines containing heterologous tandem M2e repeats (M2e5x) derived from human, swine, and avian influenza viruses.
These results suggest that neuraminidase-presenting VLP can be developed as an effective cross-protective vaccine candidate along with current influenza vaccination.
This work suggests that VLP vaccines incorporating conserved influenza virus proteins and GPI-anchored molecular adjuvants may serve as a platform for a broadly protective "universal" influenza vaccine.
Our results indicate the potential of the VLP vaccine approach in terms of immunogenicity but suggest that anti-HA immunity should not be considered as the sole preventive method for combatting influenza and postinfluenza bacterial infections.
We tested whether virus-like particles presenting flagellin (Flag VLP) exhibit adjuvant effects on eliciting Th1 type immune responses and improving the efficacy of poor immunogenic tandem repeat M2e (M2e5x) protein vaccine against influenza virus.
Among influenza patients, there were significant but weak correlations between CoQ10 levels and IL-2 (r = -.30, P = .04), TNF-alpha (r = -.35, P = .01) and VEGF (r = .38, P = .007), but no correlation with IL-6, IL-10, VCAM or influenza severity of illness score (all P > .05).
Furthermore, p97 activity has been shown to be essential for the replication of certain viruses, including poliovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and influenza.
Sprouty-related Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology 1-domain-containing protein-2 may be a novel therapeutic target for controlling the immune response against influenza influenza A virus infection.
As mammalian ubiquitin-specific protease (USP18) is known to remove type I interferon (IFN I)-inducible ubiquitin-like molecules from conjugated proteins and block IFN I signalling, we explored the function of the chicken homologue of USP18 during avian influenza virus infection.
We observed that downregulation of a cellular deubiquitinating enzyme USP11 resulted in enhanced virus production, suggesting that USP11 could inhibit influenza virus replication.
Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1), a transmembrane protein, is correlated with immune diseases, such as influenza, herpes simplex encephalitis, and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus; however, the role of UNC93B1 in cancers including human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) remains unknown.
Here, we examined influenza virus entry and infection in Lec1 cells, a mutant CHO cell line deficient in terminal N-linked glycosylation caused by a mutation in the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT1) gene.
Here, we examined influenza virus entry and infection in Lec1 cells, a mutant CHO cell line deficient in terminal N-linked glycosylation caused by a mutation in the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT1) gene.
Here, we examined influenza virus entry and infection in Lec1 cells, a mutant CHO cell line deficient in terminal N-linked glycosylation caused by a mutation in the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT1) gene.