Furthermore, (+)‑pinoresinol‑O‑β‑D‑glucopyranoside exhibited pronounced inhibitory effects on the expression of influenza H1N1 virus‑induced pro‑inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1.
Among COPD ex-smokers, diminished IL-8 responsiveness to nontypeable H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae was strongly associated with carriage of TLR9(T1237C) (p = 0.02; p = 0.008; p = 0.02), but not TLR9(T1486C).
Among chemokines, viral infection of primary lung epithelial cells triggered exclusively the release of CXCL8/interleukin-8 (IL-8), which contrasts with our previous observation that influenza A virus induced in monocytes the expression of mononuclear-leukocyte-attracting chemokines and even suppressed the production of neutrophil-attracting chemokines.