According to RNase protection assay and immunohistochemistry, iNOS mRNA and protein were expressed at higher levels in bone marrow of patients with visceral leishmaniasis than in controls.
A blood monocyte population with a gene signature comprising upregulated expression of TGM2, CTLRs, VDR, PKM, SOCS1, and CAMP1 and downregulated expression of NOS2 and HIF1A was observed in patients with VL but not in controls.