Circulating immune complexes (IC) and IC-induced levels of GM-CSF are increased in sudanese patients with acute visceral Leishmania donovani infection undergoing sodium stibogluconate treatment: implications for disease pathogenesis.
In comparison with those in KA lesions, mRNA levels for IFN-gamma , TNF-alpha , and IL-6 were found to be significantly elevated in PKDL lesions, implying that these cytokines play an important role in PKDL pathogenesis.
Monocytes from patients with VL also had impaired expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules and decreased frequencies of interleukin 1β- and interleukin 6-producing cells.