In comparison with those in KA lesions, mRNA levels for IFN-gamma , TNF-alpha , and IL-6 were found to be significantly elevated in PKDL lesions, implying that these cytokines play an important role in PKDL pathogenesis.
Circulating immune complexes (IC) and IC-induced levels of GM-CSF are increased in sudanese patients with acute visceral Leishmania donovani infection undergoing sodium stibogluconate treatment: implications for disease pathogenesis.
Monocytes from patients with VL also had impaired expression of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules and decreased frequencies of interleukin 1β- and interleukin 6-producing cells.