Mutational analysis of patient data indicated that UTX mutations occur simultaneously with TP53 mutations in myeloid malignancies, and combined inactivation of Utx and Trp53 accelerated the development of CMML in a cell-autonomous manner.
This large, multi-institutional study (n = 1084), investigated the TET2 mutational landscape and prognostic implications of the number, type, and location of TET2<sup>MT</sup> and the epistatic relationship with other somatic events in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML).
We identified cases which either: (1) fulfilled the 2008 World Health Organization criteria for primary myelofibrosis but had absolute monocytosis and, when available, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia-related mutations (ASXL1, SRSF2, TET2) or (2) fulfilled criteria of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia but had megakaryocytic proliferation and atypia, marrow fibrosis, and myeloproliferative-type driver mutations (JAK2, MPL, CALR).
Since human MDS and CMML are driven by TET2 mutations and associated with chronic inflammation, we hypothesized that arginase enzymatic activity and ARG1 expression would be increased in human MDS/CMML bone marrow.
Notably, the TET2 mutation was also identified in peripheral blood cells in the disease-free period with the same allelic frequency as CMML and FL cells, but not in a germ-line control, indicating that the TET2 mutation occurred somatically in the initiating clone for both malignant cells.
Concurrent Tet2 loss and Nras<sup>G12D</sup> expression in hematopoietic cells induced myeloid transformation, with a fully penetrant, lethal chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), which was serially transplantable.
Additionally, subgroup analyses showed the pooled HR for OS was 0.93(95%CI: 0.44 to 1.98; P=0.849) in WHO-classified CMML patients and 1.02(95%CI: 1.02 to 3.46; p=0.042) in studies evaluated TET2 expression level.
Response to 5-azacytidine in a patient with TET2-mutated angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia preceded by an EBV-positive large B-cell lymphoma.
Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is one of the earliest and most frequently mutated genes in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and myeloid cancers, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML).
Exome sequencing studies in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) illustrate a mutational landscape characterized by few somatic mutations involving a subset of recurrent gene mutations in ASXL1, SRSF2, and TET2, each approaching 40% in incidence.
TET2 functions as a bona fide tumor suppressor particularly in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in human.
TET2 mutations do not explain genome-wide differences in DNA methylation in CMML, and we found few and inconsistent differences at CGIs between TET2-WT and TET2-MT cases.
We screened 45 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (n = 39 patients, including seven with transformed-acute myeloid leukemia), MDS/MPN unclassifiable (n = 5), and atypical BCR-ABL1-negative CML (n = 1) for mutations in ASXL1, CBL, NRAS, and TET2 genes by molecular genetics including a sensitive next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique.
SRSF2 and U2AF1 along with TET2 (48%) and ASXL1 (38%) are frequently affected by somatic mutations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, quite distinctly from the profile seen in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.
Comparison of clonal expansions of TET2 mutations in MDS, MPN, and CMML, together with functional invalidation of TET2 in sorted progenitors, suggests a causative link between early clonal dominance and skewed granulomonocytic differentiation.
Using bisulfite pyrosequencing, global methylation measured by the LINE-1 assay and DNA methylation levels of 10 promoter CpG islands frequently abnormal in myeloid leukemia were not different between TET2 mutants and wild-type CMML cases.
Our results demonstrate the presence of aberrant DNA methylation in CMML and identifies TET2 mutant CMML as a biologically distinct disease subtype with a different epigenetic profile.