Germline mutations in genes encoding small GTPases of the RAS family (KRAS and NRAS), modulators of RAS function (PTPN11, SOS1 and SHOC2) or downstream signal transducers (RAF1) are causative for NS.
In order to understand the contribution of SHOC2 mutations to the clinical manifestations of Noonan syndrome and related disorders, we analyzed SHOC2 in 92 patients with Noonan syndrome and related disorders who did not exhibit PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, BRAF, MAP2K1/2, SOS1 or RAF1 mutations.
In order to understand the contribution of SHOC2 mutations to the clinical manifestations of Noonan syndrome and related disorders, we analyzed SHOC2 in 92 patients with Noonan syndrome and related disorders who did not exhibit PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, BRAF, MAP2K1/2, SOS1 or RAF1 mutations.
In order to understand the contribution of SHOC2 mutations to the clinical manifestations of Noonan syndrome and related disorders, we analyzed SHOC2 in 92 patients with Noonan syndrome and related disorders who did not exhibit PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, BRAF, MAP2K1/2, SOS1 or RAF1 mutations.
PTPN11 (39.0%), SOS1 (20.3%), RAF1 (6.8%), KRAS (5.1%), and BRAF (1.7%) mutations were identified in NS; BRAF (41.2%), SHOC2 (23.5%), and MEK1 (5.9%) mutations in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; and HRAS and PTPN11 mutations in Costello syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome, respectively.
Gene expression profiling was also resolved in five subjects with Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH), a condition clinically related to NS and caused by an invariant mutation in SHOC2.
Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS/LAH; OMIM 607721), recently related to the invariant c.4A>G missense change in SHOC2, is characterized by features reminiscent of Noonan syndrome.
Clinical testing of genes causative of Noonan syndrome and related disorders detected the previously reported, pathogenic, de novo SHOC2 missense mutation predicting p.Ser2Gly.
Clinical testing of genes causative of Noonan syndrome and related disorders detected the previously reported, pathogenic, de novo SHOC2 missense mutation predicting p.Ser2Gly.
Clinical testing of genes causative of Noonan syndrome and related disorders detected the previously reported, pathogenic, de novo SHOC2 missense mutation predicting p.Ser2Gly.
We reported for the first time a case of 13-year-old boy with NS with loose anagen hair (NSLAH) resulting from mutation in SHOC2 who developed an autoimmune disorder that fulfilled four American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the classification of SLE (polyarthritis, pericarditis, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-DNA antibodies).
SHOC2 is mutated in Noonan syndrome and plays a key role in the activation of the ERK-MAPK pathway, which is upregulated in the majority of human cancers.
Severe craniosynostosis with Noonan syndrome phenotype associated with SHOC2 mutation: clinical evidence of crosslink between FGFR and RAS signaling pathways.
Recently, six patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving KRAS mutations were described in a review, and a patient with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving a SHOC2 mutation has also been reported.