This framework may help identify novel approaches for promoting chondrocyte homeostasis during aging and obesity.<b>Materials and Methods</b>: Changes in glutathione content and redox ratio were evaluated in three models of chondrocyte stress: (1) age- and tissue-specific changes in joint tissues of 10 and 30-month old F344BN rats, including <i>ex vivo</i> patella culture experiments to evaluate N-acetylcysteine dependent resistance to interleukin-1beta; (2) effect of different durations and patterns of cyclic compressive loading in bovine cartilage on glutathione stress resistance and resilience pathways; (3) time-dependent changes in GSH:GSSG in primary chondrocytes from wild-type and Sirt3 deficient mice challenged with the pro-oxidant menadione.<b>Results</b>: Glutathione was more abundant in cartilage than meniscus or infrapatellar fat pad, although cartilage was also more susceptible to age-related glutathione oxidation.
Members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family are important mediators of obesity and metabolic disease and have been described to often play opposing roles.
Excessive IL-1β production is a characteristic of most chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, which affect a large proportion of the global population.
We further revealed that activated nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and its downstream products, i.e., IL-1 family members such as IL-1β and IL-18 were upregulated in the PVAT of obese mini pigs; PVAT dysfunction was also demonstrated in preadipocytes treated with palmitic acid.
We demonstrated that obesity (P < 0.01), obesity-associated T2D (P < 0.01) and NAFLD (P < 0.05) increased the expression of different components of the inflammasome as well as the expression and release of IL-1β and IL-18 in AT.
Higher rates of esophageal cancer cases may be attributed to lifestyle factors such as: diet, obesity, alcohol and tobacco use.Moreover, the presence of oral <i>P. gingivalis</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i> has been found to be associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.Our review describes the role of <i>P. gingivalis</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i> in signaling pathways responsible for cancer development.It has been shown that <i>T. forsythia</i> may induce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 by CD4 + T helper cells and TNF-α.Moreover, gingipain K produced by <i>P. gingivalis,</i> affects hosts immune system by degradation of immunoglobulins and complement system (C3 and C5 components).
The pyrogenic property being the first activity described, members of the interleukin-1 superfamily (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and the newest members: IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38) are now known to be involved in several inflammatory diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, cancer, viral and parasite infections, and auto-inflammatory syndromes as well as liver diseases.
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine often elevated in obesity, is known to activate several procarcinogenic signaling pathways that are implicated in colonic carcinogenesis.
It is not known to what extent inflammation precedes the development of obesity.MethodsIn a cohort of 882 infants born before 28 weeks of gestation, we examined relationships between concentrations of 25 inflammation-related proteins in blood obtained during the first two postnatal weeks and body mass index at 2 years of age.ResultsAmong children delivered for spontaneous indications (n=734), obesity was associated with elevated concentrations of four proteins (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-R1, and MCP-1) on the first postnatal day; one protein (IL-6) on postnatal day 7; and two proteins (ICAM-3 and VEGF-R1) on postnatal day 14.
Compared to non-treated tissues, PCA reduced phospho-p65 NF-κB and IL-6 in OB-VAT, and IL-1β in NW-VAT (p < 0.05); and increased adiponectin secretion in NW-VAT (p < 0.05).
Metabolic immunomodulation involving IL-1 has been investigated for unfavorable metabolic effects, including obesity, but a potentially favorable role for IL-1 remains unclear.
In contrast, obese patients diagnosed with anxiety or mood disorders only showed significantly lower expression levels of IL1B in VAT and ADIPOQ in SAT when compared with obese subjects without mental disorders.
Interestingly, IL-1β which is associated to several steps in the development of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and the association of obesity and type II diabetes with CVD, is activated by the inflammasome complex, a multiprotein complex composed of an intracellular sensor, typically a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the precursor procaspase-1, and the adaptor ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD.
In some tissues, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which accumulate in NP tissues and promote its degeneration, increase oxidative stress and IL-1β secretion, resulting in disorders, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and ageing.
Inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity is associated with increased IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion and proposed to contribute to insulin resistance.
IL-1β is a pivotal inflammatory cytokine associated with obesity and pregnancy complications, and its production is regulated by NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes.
Our present findings indicate that elucidating the IL-1β mediated homeostatic control mechanisms in the cingulate cortex may lead to the better understanding not only the regulatory entities of the healthy organism but also those found in obesity, diabetes mellitus and other worldwide rapidly spreading feeding-metabolic disorders.
We hypothesized that in obesityIL-1 antagonism would result in downregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to decreased cortisol levels.
The expression of NILCO molecules (Notch, IL-1, and leptin crosstalk outcome) and the association with obesity were investigated in types I and II endometrial cancer (EmCa).
This review will focus on the current understanding of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines in the setting of obesity and discuss how endogenous feedback loops can be exploited for therapeutic approaches to fight obesity and subsequent cardiometabolic disorders.