The measured parameters for mothers and their newborns were risk percentage for child obesity, anthropometric characteristics (mid-upper arm circumference [MUAC], tricipital skinfold thickness [TST] of mother and newborn), genetic polymorphisms (human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ [PPARγ2] 34 C > G and transforming growth factor-beta 1 [TGF-β1] 869 T > C gene polymorphisms in both mothers and newborns), and mother's bioimpedance characteristics (fat mass [FM] %).The obesity risk score according to standard predictable Northern Finland Birth Cohort equation was in our study 4.07%.
The transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) gene is one of the genes associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are characteristic symptoms of PCOS.
In steatohepatitis, an increase of the protein expression of mitochondrial antigens, IL-1R1, IGF2 and TGFB1 was also observed, interleukin 1 receptor being always strongly expressed in steatohepatitis linked to alcohol or obesity.
These results demonstrate that cytokines and candidates playing a role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as TGF-beta1 and COX-1/-2, are over-expressed in platelets of Zucker obese rats by comparison to their lean counterparts.
These findings suggest that the Pro10 allele in the TGF-beta(1) gene pathway might contribute to prevalent diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Leptin, an adipocyte product, has been shown to play a role in obesity-related hypertension and in vitro studies demonstrated a biologic interaction between leptin and TGF-beta1.