Polymorphisms in B lymphocyte growth and differentiation factors, including IL-6 and IL-10, Fcg RIIa receptors, as well as genetic variants of ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme, also are associated with increased susceptibility for pneumonia.
Comparative effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on the risk of pneumonia and severe exacerbations in patients with COPD.
In multivariate analysis, a past history of pneumonia (aHR 1.95, 95% CI: 1.35-2.8), chronic pulmonary disease (aHR 1.86, 1.24-2.78) and inhaled corticosteroid usage (aHR 1.78, 1.12-2.84) and hypnotic/sedative medication usage (aHR 2.06, 1.28-3.31) were identified as independent risk factors for recurrent pneumonia, whereas angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors usage was associated with a reduction of the risk of RP (aHR 0.22, 0.05-0.91).
Electronic database of PubMed, Embase, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was searched for the studies addressing the association between CD143rs4340 genotypes and pneumonia risk.
A significantly increased risk was also indicated under the recessive model in Asian populations (FEM: OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.19-2.07), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (FEM: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.08-1.60), and nosocomial pneumonia (NP) (FEM: OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06-2.19).Our meta-analysis demonstrates that CD143rs4340 polymorphism may represent a risk factor for pneumonia.
Intravenous injections of nmMLCK silencing RNA, either directly or as cargo within angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) antibody-conjugated liposomes (to target the pulmonary vasculature selectively), decreased nmMLCK lung expression (∼70% reduction) and significantly attenuated LPS-induced and VILI-induced lung inflammation (∼40% reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage protein).
To study the association between ACE genotype and risk of pneumonia, the distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism was compared with healthy control subjects from the same geographic region.
A significant decrease in serum ACE activity during an episode of pneumonia with return to control range during recovery was observed for all three genotypes (II, ID and DD).
These findings substantially add to the body of evidence about the effects of these drugs on pneumonia but do not provide the definitive information required to inform clinical decisions about the prevention of pneumonia with ACE inhibitors.