Hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway increases biological fitness by offering a high degree of adaptability to and resilience against diverse perturbations, thus conferring survival benefits on premalignant and transformed cells.
Comparison between precancerous conditions and invasive states revealed the key pathways governing the progression to malignancy, including PI3K-Akt pathways.
The inhibitory effects of Sal-B on aerobic glycolysis, as well as PI3K/AKT and HIF-1α signaling pathways, were validated in two well-characterized OSCC cell lines (Cal27 and HN4), and premalignant oral Leuk1 cells and Sal-B treatment led to elevation of the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased cell apoptosis, and reduced abilities of colony formation.