Furthermore, we found that miR-93-5p was negatively correlated with the relative expression of Smad7 and positively correlated with the relative expression of TGF-β1 in clinical prolactinoma samples.
The aim of this review is to summarize the literature supporting the important role of TGFβ1 as a local modulator of pituitary lactotroph function and to provide recent evidence for TGFβ1 involvement in the sex differences found in prolactinoma development in animal models.
Several lines of evidence demonstrate that growth factors such as pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3), and transforming growth factor β receptor type II (TGFβRII) play an important role in prolactinoma pathogenesis induced by estrogen, but the relationship between ERα and such growth factors is still unclear.