Specifically, seizure activity has been shown to alter the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na<sub>v</sub> 1.1, Na<sub>v</sub> 1.5), voltage-gated potassium channels (K<sub>v</sub> 4.2, K<sub>v</sub> 4.3), sodium-calcium exchangers (NCX1), and nonspecific cation-conducting channels (HCN2, HCN4).