AR mice shown significantly increased Th2 and Th17 cell ratio in spleen, IL-17 level in serum, IL-5 and IL-13 levels in NALF but a lower number of IL-33-positive epithelial cells and Th1 response (Th1 and Tbet<sup>+</sup>Th1 cell ratio in the spleen and serum IFN-γ level) than the control mice.1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> treatment significantly decreased the number of sneezing, nasal rubbing, OVA-sIgE and IL-17 in serum, IL-5 and IL-13 levels in NALF, Th17 cell ratio in the spleen and the histological of nasal mucosal but increased the number of IL-33-positive epithelial cells in AR mice.
DLC treatment (intravenous [i.v.]) significantly decreased the frequency of sneezing and nasal scratching and alleviated nasal inflammation by increasing the serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-12, while lowering the expression of IL-4.Thus, DLC (i.v.) treatment led to a marked elevation in T-helper 1/T-helper 2 (Th1/Th2) ratio when administered in the AR rats.