Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been observed to have direct protective effects on neurons after stroke in experimental models and in humans.
Combination therapy with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and stromal cell-derived factor-1 is more effective than atorvastatin or recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone in protecting against stroke-induced damage and could be an optimal therapeutic strategy for stroke.
Data from preclinical and clinical studies have suggested the safety and efficacy of G-CSF in stroke; however, the exact effects and utility of this cytokine in patients remain disputed.
Neuroprotective effect of Fn14 deficiency is associated with induction of the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) pathway in experimental stroke and enhanced by a pathogenic human antiphospholipid antibody.