TCF12 molecular testing should be considered in patients with unilateral- or bilateral-coronal synostosis associated or not with syndactyly, after having excluded mutations in the TWIST1 gene and the p.Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3.
All patients with either bicoronal synostosis or unicoronal synostosis with syndromic features should be screened for TWIST1 mutations, as this confers a greater risk than nonsyndromic synostosis of the same sutures.
Compound heterozygous mice with selective disinhibition of RUNX2 and either overexpression of IGF1 or loss of function of GSK3β demonstrated an increase in the frequency and severity of synostosis as compared to mice with the RUNX2 disinhibition alone.
Compound heterozygous mice with selective disinhibition of RUNX2 and either overexpression of IGF1 or loss of function of GSK3β demonstrated an increase in the frequency and severity of synostosis as compared to mice with the RUNX2 disinhibition alone.
Genetic testing of nonsyndromic cases (at least for FGFR3P250R and FGFR2 exons IIIa/c) should be targeted to patients with coronal or multisuture synostoses.
Genetic testing of nonsyndromic cases (at least for FGFR3 P250R and FGFR2 exons IIIa/c) should be targeted to patients with coronal or multisuture synostoses.
Here we present 61 individuals from 20 unrelated families where coronal synostosis is due to an amino acid substitution (Pro250Arg) that results from a single point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene on chromosome 4p.
Here, we identified a de novo missense mutation, p.Arg235Gln in the highly conserved TALE homeodomain of the transcription factor Pre-B-Cell Leukemia Transcription Factor 1 (PBX1) in a child with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis and radiocubital synostosis.
In particular, coronal synostosis evidences a higher tendency to be genetically caused, and TWIST1 and FGFR3 have been identified as major causative genes.
Mutations in the NOG gene which encodes the noggin protein, a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, have been identified in TCS as well as in four other autosomal dominant disorders including proximal symphalangism (SYM1), multiple synostosis (SYNS1), Tarsal-Carpal coalition syndrome and brachydactyly type B (BDB).
Mutations of the NOGGIN (NOG) gene in humans are associated with several autosomal dominant disorders such as proximal symphalangism and multiple synostoses.