AFP also plays an immunomodulatory role in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and thyroiditis.
In the field of autoimmune thyroiditis, NOD.H2(h4) mice have attracted significant and increasing attention since they not only develop spontaneous disease but they present thyroiditis with accelerated incidence and severity if they ingest iodide through their drinking water.
In this study, we found that Th17 cells were significantly increased with a high expression of miR-326 in an iodine-induced thyroiditisNOD.H-2<sup>h4</sup> mouse model.
This outcome was accomplished by transgenic intrathyroidal expression of the hTSHR A-subunit in NOD.H2<sup>h4</sup> mice that are genetically predisposed to develop thyroiditis but, without the transgene, do not generate TSHRAb.
In animal studies, we have transferred thyroiditis to naive BALBc and NOD mice, using T cells primed to the human TSHR, either using the receptor expressed as a bacterial fusion protein or by genetic immunization.
GL effectively attenuated thyroiditis in the iodine-induced NOD.H-2<sup>h4</sup> mice via a molecular mechanism related to the inhibition of TLR2-HMGB1 signaling.
We observed evident thyroiditis in the high‑iodine-treated NOD.H-2<sup>h4</sup> mice, while mice in the other three groups did not develop thyroiditis.
BRAF mutation is unusual in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis-associated papillary thyroid carcinomas and absent in non-neoplastic nuclear atypia of thyroiditis.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis also seemed to play an important role, since benign specimens with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had a 2.2-fold higher B-Raf expression than samples without thyroiditis (1.71 ± 0.63 vs. 0.78 ± 0.13).
There was a strong correlation between clinical signs and corresponding autoantibodies such as anti-SSA and -SSB antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome (10 cases), antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroiditis and Graves' disease (10 cases), and parietal cell antibodies in gastric ulcers with maltoma (12 cases).
Serum CXCL10 and CCL2 have been measured in 50 consecutive NSV patients, in 40 consecutive patients with NSV and AT (NSV+AT), in 50 sex- and age-matched controls without AT (control 1) and in 40 sex- and age-matched patients with AT without NSV (control 2).
There is evidence that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed by thyroid follicular epithelium in thyroiditis, but the role of PD-L1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is poorly understood.
Increased PD-L1 expression was also found to be significantly associated with disease recurrence (odds ratio = 1.95 [CI 1.15-3.32]) and concurrent thyroiditis (odds ratio = 1.65 [CI 1.09-2.51]).