The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in dopamine and dopamine transporter metabolism and to explore the regulatory role of DBS on dopaminergic neurons in Tourette syndrome by constructing an autoimmune model.
In summary, allele frequencies did not differ between cases and controls, but DAT1 genotype accounted for variations of tic severity within the TS group.
A statistical re-evaluation of the DAT1 DdeI polymorphism following population stratification confirmed the association for the TS-total and TS-only groups, but the degree of significance was reduced (P = 0.017 and P = 0.016, respectively).
A statistical re-evaluation of the DAT1 DdeI polymorphism following population stratification confirmed the association for the TS-total and TS-only groups, but the degree of significance was reduced (P = 0.017 and P = 0.016, respectively).
In summary, allele frequencies did not differ between cases and controls, but DAT1 genotype accounted for variations of tic severity within the TS group.
Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice: a model of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's.
In this study, we used a family-based association approach to investigate the implication of dopamine-related candidate genes, which had been previously reported as possibly associated with TS [genes that encode for the dopamine receptors DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4, the dopamine transporter 1 (SLC6A3) and the monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A).
In patients suffering from Tourette's disorder (TD) we were unable to detect differences of dopamine transporter densities between psychotropic drug-naïve TD patients and controls.
These comprehensive analyses, however, fail to identify any common protein coding DAT sequence variant in more than 150 unrelated individuals free of neuropsychiatric disease, 109 individuals meeting City of Hope criteria for Tourette's syndrome, 64 individuals with DSM-IV diagnoses of ethanol dependence, or 15 individuals with ADHD.
Polymorphisms of three different dopaminergic genes, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), and dopamine transporter (DAT1), were examined in Tourette syndrome (TS) probands, their relatives, and controls.