Acute replication induced also TNFα mRNA and protein synthesis, and expression of TNFRI and II was positively regulated during both acute infection and reactivation, particularly in the trachea.
Whole gene expression profiling and ingenuity pathway analysis showed that the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were significantly altered in the Sox9 mutant trachea.