Clinically, elevated IL-1β levels were associated with the presence of erythema and urticarial plaques reflecting the inflammatory phase preceding blister formation.
The skin erythema and histopathological alteration, as well as the elevated pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL6, TNFα) and TLR2 were significantly ameliorated by ART treatment in LL37-induced rosacea-like mice.
Pretreatment with topical pseudoceramide protected against UVB-induced upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α transcription and reduced susceptibility to erythema following UVB.
To investigate if the drug may interfere with inflammatory or immunological mechanisms of the UV-induced erythema of photosensitive patients, we studied the localization of chloroquine in the skin and its effect on the epidermal/dermal expression of IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and ICAM-1 and the occurrence of different lymphoid cells in normal skin and UVB-induced erythema in 8 patients with photosensitive discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus and 4 patients with polymorphic light eruption (PMLE), before and during chloroquine treatment.