Rosacea-like symptoms including skin erythema and histopathological alterations, as well as the elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) and MMP9 expression were significantly ameliorated by TXA treatment.
Pretreatment with topical pseudoceramide protected against UVB-induced upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α transcription and reduced susceptibility to erythema following UVB.
We then introduced and expressed the IL-6 mutant genes, which were designed to behave as IL-6Ralpha antagonists, and found that their ability to induce erythema was lower than that of the wild-type gene.