VEGF mRNA and protein expression was characterized in coronary arteries from cardiac allograft vasculopathy patients as compared with healthy controls using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining of sub-adjacent sections.
APOH plasma concentrations are strongly associated to MS alterations and vascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients and could be considered as a clinical marker of cardiovascular risk.
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are differentially expressed in the cardiovascular system, induced or activated by cardiovascular risk factors and importantly contribute to the oxidative burden of vascular diseases.
COL4A1 is a further cause of familial vasculopathy and may present with stroke, ischemic as well as hemorrhagic, in adult life and with radiological features of leukoaraiosis and microbleeds.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy as a critical event in the development of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily of cytokines which, in spite of being initially described as a strong anti-resorptive factor, has lately been considered as a possible link between bone and vascular disease.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) G894T polymorphism has been previously associated with vascular diseases including stroke, but often with conflicting results.
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is up-regulated in response to high levels of glucose and is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin (TRX), and may play a contributory role in the occurrence of diabetic-related vascular diseases.
ANRIL (antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (harboring the CDKN2A/B genes)) variants were related to a variety of vascular diseases (myocardial infarction, aortic and intracranial aneurysm), including ischaemic stroke.
Cortistatin emerges as a natural endogenous regulator of SMCs under pathological conditions and an attractive candidate for the pharmacological management of vascular diseases that course with neointimal lesion formation.