In a murine breast cancer model of tumor cell 4T1 inoculation, subcutaneous injection of PS induced effective antitumor effect through reprogramming M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment to M1, increased CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, and decreased the expression of CD31 in the tumor mass, which together inhibited the tumor progression and the metastasis in lung and liver, leading to the prolong of the mice survival.
In addition, ACEE significantly reduces VEGFR2 expression in Lewis lung carcinoma cells and downregulates the expression of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and VEGFR2 in murine lung metastases.
Moreover, miR-370 over-expression significantly reduced the levels of EGFR and CD31 expression and inhibited the growth and lung metastasis of xenograft NSCLC tumors in mice.
FFPE tissue samples from 51 pulmonary metastases (PMs) and 33 paired primary tumors were evaluated for alpha-SMA, CD31, Hsp27 and vimentin expression by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological variables.
When tested in a mouse model for lung cancer, repeated treatment with DACC/siRNA(CD31) reduced formation of lung metastases and increased life span in a mouse model of experimental lung metastasis.
Early and late Mets could be separated by the expression of genes involved in metastasis-associated processes, such as angiogenesis, cell migration and adhesion (e.g., PECAM1, KDR).
Immunohistochemical analyses with Abs against vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31 revealed that B16F10 + IL-27 cells markedly suppressed tumor-induced neovascularization in lung metastases.
After 21 days, the tumors were excised, lymph node and lung metastases were quantified, and the hypoxic fraction and relative vascular area of the primary tumors were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for the hypoxic marker drug EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] and the vascular marker CD31, respectively.
Athymic nude mice were given daily intraperitoneal injections of batimastat (30 mg/kg body weight) after resection of MDA-MB-435 primary tumors grown in their mammary fat pads; the volumes of tumor regrowths and the numbers and volumes of lung metastases were calculated; neovascularization in the regrowths was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis with an antibody directed against CD31, an endothelial cell antigen.