Here, we show that vitreal fluids from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were enriched with a two-module form of CCN1 comprising completely or partially the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) and von Willebrand factor type C (vWC) domains.
Increased levels of von Willebrand factor, reflecting activation or damage of endothelial cells, have been described in association with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).