It should be considered in the studies that the pathological changes at the early stages of the relationship between DM and oral cancer may be related to p16 expression; however, it may also be linked with p16-related aging process.
The detection of CCND1 and p16 aberrations using a simple and sensitive method would be valuable for the development of effective treatment modalities for oral cancer.
We can conclude that high-risk HPV types are associated with p16 overexpression, and p16 may serve as a biomarker in oral cancer related to high-risk HPV infection.