Moreover, in the rat primary adrenal cells, corticosterone (rather than caffeine) was shown to significantly inhibit cell proliferation, IGF1 and PCNA expression, and ERK phosphorylation, which could be reversed by exogenous IGF1.
Prenatal caffeine exprosure increases adult female offspring rat's susceptibility to osteoarthritis via low-functional programming of cartilage IGF-1 with histone acetylation.