We investigated the effects of GPER agonist G1 and GPER antagonist G15 on the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neuron, the activation of microglia, and the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced animal model of parkinsonism.
These results demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling, together with the contribution of TNF-α, have a critical and cell-specific role in stimulating and maintaining glial cell activation in Parkinsonism.