In Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and CMT167 models, dual inhibition of COX-2 and EGFR by melafolone promoted survival, tumor growth inhibition, and vascular normalization, and ameliorated CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell suppression, accompanied by the downregulation of transforming growth factor-<i>β</i> (TGF-<i>β</i>), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and PD-L1 in the tumor cells.
The contribution of the COX-2 in IH-induced enhanced tumor malignancy was assessed using celecoxib as a COX-2 specific inhibitor in a murine model of OSA bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) tumors.