However, prognostic value of novel biomarkers, such as soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), or osteopontin (OPN) is unknown in AL amyloidosis.
The prognostic value of GDF-15 level was initially evaluated in a cohort of 107 consecutive previously untreated patients with AL amyloidosis from Athens, Greece, and was then validated in a second cohort of 202 consecutive previously untreated patients from Pavia, Italy.