Circulating levels of IL-6, TNF-<i>α</i>, and MCP-1 were elevated in VP and coinfection subjects (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while the levels of 37 other cytokines showed no difference, compared with virus negative groups and controls (<i>p</i> > 0.05).
In the development cohort, increased levels of a serum module containing IL6, IL8, IL10, IP10, GCSF, MCP1, and MIP1α [shock odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, family-wise error rate (FWER) <i>p</i> < 10<sup>-4</sup>], and decreased levels of a module containing EGF, FGF2, SCD40L, and PAI-1 (shock OR = 0.43, FWER <i>p</i> = 0.002), were both associated with ALI, shock, and death-ECMO independent of age and bacterial coinfection.