<b>Introduction</b>: The systemic therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is moving from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors to immune checkpoint inhibitors and its combination with TKIs.<b>Areas covered</b>: This review provides a general overview using immune checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of RCC.
The treatment landscape in metastatic renal cell carcinoma has changed fundamentally over the last decade by the development of antiangiogenic agents, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and immunotherapy.
Until recently, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition with everolimus was the standard second-line treatment regimen for mRCC patients, improving median progression-free survival (mPFS).
Sequential therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Since the 2000s, there have been dramatic advances in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), including drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways.
To assess the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activities of lenvatinib, an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, in combination with everolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, in Japanese patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma after disease progression with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy.
The treatment landscape in advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is moving from the inhibition of tyrosine kinases (TKI) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors to specific immunooncology agents like immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).
A systematic review of economic evaluations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and programmed death-1 inhibitors in metastatic renal cell cancer.
The success of targeted therapies, including inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway or the mammalian target of rapamycin, in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma led to interest in testing their efficacy in the adjuvant setting.
The present review provides a practical, clinician-oriented assessment of pharmacologic factors that should be considered when a receptor tyrosine kinase or mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor is used to treat patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and molecules inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin are being used for management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC); however, there is still a potential for improvement.
The combination of lenvatinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, plus everolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, significantly improved clinical outcomes versus everolimus monotherapy in a phase II clinical study of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
The objective of this study was to compare the efficacies of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORI) as second-line molecular-targeted therapy in patients with poor-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
We evaluated <sup>18</sup>F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) results as outcome predictors for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated by everolimus (EVL), an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin.
Multikinase inhibitors (MKI) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors prolong progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) by reducing angiogenesis and tumor growth.
To evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with double- and triple-sequence targeted therapy (TT) using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi).
Current systemic treatment of targeted therapies, namely the vascular endothelial growth factor-antibody (VEGF-AB), VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, have improved progression-free survival and replaced non-specific immunotherapy with cytokines in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
DAB2IP appears to be a new prognostic/predictive marker for mRCC patients, and its function provides a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance to mTOR inhibitors, which also can be used to develop new strategies to overcome drug-resistant mRCC.
It may be useful to consider expression levels of potential molecular markers in the autophagy pathway, particularly ULK1, in addition to conventional parameters, when selecting patients with mRCC who are likely to benefit from treatment with mTOR inhibitors.
Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved significantly with the advent of agents targeting the mTOR pathway, such as temsirolimus and everolimus.
Currently approved treatments for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-blocking agents, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and cytokine therapy.