In relation to the histological subtype, the papillary type of RCC was associated with a significantly higher expression of cyclin A and p16 compared to other subtypes of RCC.
Two new RCC subtypes were defined by distinct epigenetic and metabolic pathway expression patterns, the hypermethylated CpG island methylator phenotype-associated (CIMP) RCCs and metabolically divergent chRCCs, and new biomarkers of poor patient outcome were identified, including PBRM1 mutation in type 1 pRCC and CDKN2A loss in chRCC.
A comprehensive cytogenetic analysis using microsatellite analysis and FISH of the CDKN2A region on chromosome 9p improves the predictive accuracy of known prognostic factors in clinically localised renal cell carcinoma undergoing surgical resection.
While this mechanism has been described as leading to progressive nephron loss, p16(INK4a) upregulation in renal cell carcinoma has been linked to a disease-specific improved patient survival rate.
Only 2 cyclin-dependent kinase 2A gene (CDKN2A) germline mutations were identified among patients in the MM + RCC series who also were members of MM-prone families.
The following immunostains were performed in both cases: Ki67, p16(ink4a), p21 ((wafl/cip1)), p27(kip1), p53, p63, mdm2, cyclin D1, cyclin D3, TFE3, CD10, vimentin, E-cadherin, and RCC-antigen.
Little is known about p16INK4a protein levels in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its association with clinicopathologic parameters or disease progression.
Loss of expression of Kank in one RCC sample was detected by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses while expression of CDKN2A (p16/Ink4A) was retained in the sample.
The majority of these markers clustered in three regions that have been suggested to be involved in the development of RCC, namely the p25 region, where the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene is located; the p21 region, which has been identified as a common region of overlap (SRO) of heterozygous deletions; and the p14 region, which is the location of the constitutional t(3;8) breakpoint occurring in an RCC family.
Numerous investigations suggest that one or more genes residing in the p14 to p21 region of human chromosome 3 are critical to the development of neoplastic diseases such as renal cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).