Respected were the beneficial effects obtained with free peptides or peptides with different carriers; EGF, FGF, VEGF, and BPC 157, their presentation along with injuries, and a healing commonality, providing their implementation in both gastrointestinal ulcer healing and tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing.
Treatment of rats with misoprostol, a PGE1 analog capable of activating EP receptors, enhanced phosphorylation of CREB, stimulated VEGF expression and angiogenesis, and accelerated esophageal ulcer healing.
The study found that HGF, HGFR, EGF, VEGF, and, COX-2 are activated in the injured mucosa of EE patients; their activation might be involved in mucosal repair and ulcer healing of EE.
The expression of HIF-1alpha, endothelin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was highest during the active stage of ulcer healing, and endothelin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels and nitric oxide were higher during the healing stage.