HG-HF significantly depressed expression of PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α) and OPA1 (optic atrophy 1) by reducing [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub>, whereas OPA1 supplementation partly reversed those detrimental effects induced by TRPV1<sup>-/-</sup> Furthermore, capsaicin treatment not only attenuated CMECs injury induced by HG-HF but also mitigated cardiac microvascular injury induced by T2DM.
Furthermore, trimetazidine improved mitochondrial biosynthesis and fission/fusion, as demonstrated by the promotion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), mitofusins 1 (Mfn1), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) expressions in rats with acute myocardial ischemia.