The potency of this M1/M2 switching pathway is underscored by the fact that human Hp2 polymorphisms are associated with worsened clinical outcomes for diabetic complications, including DN.
Hp 2-2 DM individuals have been shown to be at increased risk for the development of diabetes complications, particularly diabetic cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Clinical studies indicate a strong association between the Hp 2-2 phenotype and a more frequent onset of diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease.