Importantly, the leucine-to-arginine substitution at amino acid residue 232 (L232R) of PTPN3, a frequent mutation found in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), disables its role in enhancing TGF-β signaling and abolishes its tumor-suppressive function.
BACKGROUND PTPN3 was demonstrated to be involved in the progression of several types of cancers, such as gastric adenocarcinoma, lung cancer, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.