Meanwhile, IFT80 deletion downregulated the TGF-β signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of TGF-βI, TGF-βR, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the fracture callus.
The protein concentration of IGF-I and TGF-beta1 in the fracture callus showed significant changes between the investigated time points and treatment groups compared with the unfractured tibia.
Small amounts of transforming growth factor beta 1 were present in early callus and increased in expression later during chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.