Mutations in ADCY5 and PDE10A have been identified as important causes of childhood-onset dyskinesias and KMT2B mutations as one of the most frequent causes of complex dystonia in children.
The identification of KMT2B-vulnerable targets allowed us, in turn, to expose, in a cohort of 225 patients, 45 unique variants in 39 KMT2B targets, which represent promising candidates to dissect the molecular bases of dystonia.
The mutations in patients 2 and 3 (c.3602dupC, p.M1202Dfs*22; c.4229delA, p.Q1410Rfs*12) lead to predicted unstable transcripts, likely to be subject to degradation by non-sense mediated decay.Childhood-onset progressive dystonia with orofacial involvement is one of the main clinical manifestations of KMT2B mutations.
We finally discuss selected novel genes for dystonia such as KMT2B and VAC14 along with the challenges for gene identification in the NGS era and the translational importance of dystonia genetics in clinical practice.
We further expand the phenotypic spectrum of KMT2B-related disorders and show that some individuals can have severe developmental delay without dystonia at least until mid-childhood.
We observed a spectrum of clinical manifestations in KMT2B variant carriers, ranging from generalized dystonia to short stature or intellectual disability alone, even within the same family.
Whole-exome-sequencing-based exploration of a further 30 German-Austrian individuals with early-onset generalized dystonia uncovered another three deleterious mutations in KMT2B-one de novo nonsense mutation (c.1633C>T [p.Arg545<sup>∗</sup>]), one de novo essential splice-site mutation (c.7050-2A>G [p.Phe2321Serfs<sup>∗</sup>93]), and one inherited nonsense mutation (c.2428C>T [p.Gln810<sup>∗</sup>]) co-segregating with dystonia in a three-generation kindred.