Moreover, lower IL-4 level (<3.5 pg/ml), higher WBC (>6.37*10<sup>9</sup>/L), and higher platelet count (>12 * 10<sup>9</sup>/L) at diagnosis were favorable predictive factors for IVIG response in the newly diagnosed ITP.
The level of IFN-γ in ITP group remained higher after anti-PD-1 blockage, but the levels of IL-4, TGF-β, and IL-17 were not significantly influenced.sPD-1 may cause the dysfunction of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, and its level is related to the severity of ITP patients.
A passive platelet antibody model was used to generate ITP in IL-4 receptor knock-out (IL-4R<sup>-/-</sup> ), IL-11 receptor knock-out (IL-11Rα<sup>-/-</sup> ) and GM-CSF knock-out (Csf2<sup>-/-</sup> ) mice.
Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic effects of ZDF on ITP may be as follows: ZDF counteracts ITP symptoms mainly by inhibiting Ras/MAPKs (Ras/Mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathway, and the expression of upstream protein (Ras) and downstream protein (p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38) were inhibited, which affects the content of effect index associated with proliferation (Thrombopoietin, TPO; Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF), inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; Interleukin-6, IL-6), immune (Interleukin-2, IL-2; Interferon-gamma, IFN-γ; Interleukin-4, IL-4), so that the body's arginine, Δ<sup>12</sup>-prostaglandin j2 (Δ<sup>12</sup>-PGJ2), 9-<i>cis</i>-Retinoic Acid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), oleic acid amide and other 12 endogenous metabolites significantly changes.
The pre- and post-treatment plasma and mRNA levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly higher, while the pre- and post-treatment IL-4 levels as well as the pre-treatment TGF-β1 levels were remarkably lower in ITP patients compared with HCs.
The messenger RNA expression levels of the indicated genes, including HLA-DRB5, IGHV3-66, IFI27, FAM212A, PLD5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-4, were significantly increased in patients with ITP compared with healthy humans, while MMP8, SLC1A3, CRISP3, THBS1, FMN1, and IL-10 were decreased.
We also counted platelets and evaluated plasma IFN-γ, IL-18 and IL-4 levels in patients with active ITP (n=26), patients with ITP in remission (n=23) and in healthy subjects (n=34) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
This was also reflected in plasma with increased levels of interleukin (IL)-16 and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis and lower levels of IL-4 in newly diagnosed compared with chronic ITP.
The levels of plasma IL-4 in ITP patients with active disease and in remission were significantly higher than that of controls (p = 0.0093, p = 0.0053, respectively).
Importantly, in an autoimmune disorder-primary immune thrombocytopenia, TIMP-3 showed a statistically positive correlation with IL-4 and platelet count, but a negative correlation with IFN-γ in patient blood samples.
Most importantly, the Th1/Th2 (IFN-gamma/IL-4) was remarkably higher in ITP patients, showing that the ITP patients were mainly in the Th1 polarization response.
To evaluate the balance of interleukin IL18 and its endogenous antagonist IL18 binding protein (IL18BP) in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), plasma IL18, IL18BP, interferon gamma (IFNG) and IL4 levels, as well as platelet counts were measured in patients with active ITP (n = 23), ITP in remission (n = 21) and in healthy subjects (n = 24) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
To evaluate the effects of high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) on the balance of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and its endogenous antagonist IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) in ITP patients, IL-18, IL-18BP as well as IFN-gamma, IL-4 plasma levels and platelet counts were determined in 17 ITP patients receiving DXM 40 mg/day for four consecutive days and in 24 healthy subjects.
The expressions of bcl-2 mRNA in ITP children increased significantly, but the expressions of bax mRNA decreased, the ratios of bcl-2/bax mRNA were improved obviously and there were positive correlation between the ratios of Th1/Th2 (IFN-gamma(+)T/IL-4(+)T) and the ratios of bcl-2/bax mRNA.