We will also discuss interactions of the NPS system with two well-described neuropeptides, namely corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin, which may contribute to the fear- and anxiety-reducing effects.
These data are consistent with the hypothesis that M. vaccae promotes stress-resilience by attenuating Crh production in fear- and anxiety-related circuits.
These results suggest that the modulation of fear and anxiety by the CRF system in the BLA and CeA occurs through concomitant effects on CRF<sub>1</sub> and CRF<sub>2</sub> receptors.
Knowledge of the distribution of CRF receptors within the BLA can provide insight into how manipulations of the CRF system modulate fear and anxiety-like behaviors.
Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load.