Our results indicate that transforming growth factor β1 increases the local invasive capacity and liver metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing the CD44<sup>high</sup>/CD24<sup>-</sup> cancer stem cell population.
By using three pancreatic cancer cell lines, SW1990, CAPAN-2 and PANC-1, the effect of TGF-beta1 on expression of ICAM-1, cancer cell immunogenicity and liver metastasis were investigated.