This SHBG decrease is more pronounced in girls with premature pubarche who are at risk to develop functional ovarian hyperandrogenism as well as insulin resistance syndrome.
In addition, low absorption was associated with high body mass index, low HDL cholesterol, and serum sex hormone binding globulin levels, suggesting that low absorption was associated with metabolic syndrome.
We hypothesized that high levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol and low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and IGF-I would be associated with MetS in a representative cohort of older Italian women independently of confounders (including inflammatory markers).
Among the subjects who developed the MetS those with the Pro12Pro genotype (n = 3) had significantly lower levels of SHBG compared to subjects with X12Ala (n = 8) (13.23 vs 28 nmol/L, p = 0.025).
This provides a biological explanation for why SHBG is a sensitive biomarker of the metabolic syndrome and the metabolic disturbances associated with increased fructose consumption.
This mechanism provides a biological explanation for why SHBG is a sensitive biomarker of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, and why low plasma SHBG levels are a risk factor for developing hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes, especially in women.
AChE activity was associated with BP status and SBP, whereas BChE activity was associated with features of the metabolic syndrome (especially body weight and BMI).
Measurements of SHBG are widely used to predict plasma free testosterone levels in patients suffering from excess androgen exposures, but have broader utility in assessing the risk for endocrine diseases and clinical sequelae of the metabolic syndrome, namely, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The plasma level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes, is subject to genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and nutritional regulation, and is a marker for the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
Low plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in overweight individuals are a biomarker for the metabolic syndrome and are predictive of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.
MetS patients had lower levels of total testosterone (P = 0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin, inhibin B, and anti-Mόllerian hormone (all P ≤ 0.03), and they were hypogonadal at a higher prevalence (P = 0.01) than patients without MetS.
Our study aimed at assessing associations between LAP and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, age-related testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS), low-density cholesterol (LDL), as well as HOMA-IR (insulin resistance ratio), insulin level in non-diabetics and total testosterone (TT), estradiol E<sub>2</sub>, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAs) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in aging men.313 men aged 50-75 were surveyed with regard to the prevalence of diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension (HT).
Together, this body of evidence indicates that sex steroids and SHBG should be routinely incorporated into clinical characterization of T2D patients, particularly in screening prediabetic patients, such as those with metabolic syndrome, using plasma levels of SHBG.
In conclusion, SHBG served as a major predictor for the risk of MetS and was correlated with serum adiponectin and leptin levels that are independent of T. Further studies are needed to elucidate the true role of SHBG in the pathogenesis of MetS and possible mechanisms associated with serum adiponectin and leptin levels.
Metabolic component specific analysis showed that sex hormones were inversely associated with several components of MetS: TT with abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high blood pressure; cFT with abdominal obesity and high blood pressure; SHBG with all components except high blood pressure.
Baseline characteristics were similar in the two SBP target groups within each MetS subgroup, except body mass index was slightly higher in the standard arm of the MetS subgroup (33.3 ± 5.6 vs 33.0 ± 5.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ; P < .01), but were similar across treatment arms in the non-MetS subgroup.