Although not statistically significant, these results support further research into (i) whether supplemental vitamin D<sub>3</sub> , alone or in combination with calcium, may increase DNA mismatch repair relative to proliferation, increase TGFβ<sub>1</sub> expression, and decrease autocrine/paracrine growth promotion relative to growth inhibition in the colorectal epithelium, all hypothesized to reduce risk for colorectal carcinogenesis; and (ii) the expression of MSH2 relative to mib-1, TGFβ<sub>1</sub> alone, and TGFα relative to TGFβ<sub>1</sub> in the normal-appearing rectal mucosa as potential modifiable, pre-neoplastic markers of risk for colorectal neoplasms.
Long-term treatment of KGN cells with TGFα resulted in a significant increase in cyclin D2 and a decrease in p27/Kip1, two critical regulators of granulosa cell proliferation and granulosa cell tumorigenesis.
TGF-alpha polymorphisms might be an important factor in immunity, progression of inflammatory process and carcinogenesis, which explains the variable outcome of HBV infection at least in part.
EGFR is over-expressed in up to 90-100% of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and increased expression of EGFR and its ligand Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is not limited to malignant cells, but also detected in histologically normal mucosa of HNSCC patients, supporting the hypothesis of field carcinogenesis.
In this study, we investigated the ability of prolactin to modulate carcinogenesis when co-expressed with the potent oncogene transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) in bitransgenic mice.
Consequently, tumor cells lacking pVHL overproduce the products of HIF target genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha. pVHL has been implicated in a variety of processes that are central to carcinogenesis including cell-cycle control, differentiation, extracellular matrix formation and turnover, and angiogenesis.
Role of transforming growth factor-alpha in von Hippel--Lindau (VHL)(-/-) clear cell renal carcinoma cell proliferation: a possible mechanism coupling VHL tumor suppressor inactivation and tumorigenesis.
An increased production and release of gastrin, as well as an over-expression of growth factors such as HGF and TGFalpha, might contribute to the gastric carcinogenesis.
TGF-alpha/EGFR autocrine signaling appears to play an important role in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and upregulation of TGF-alpha and EGFR is an early event in SCCHN carcinogenesis.
We believe that the PB-dependent modification of tumorigenesis in the livers of c-myc/TGF-alpha mice was predominantly a result of the ability of this drug to block cell death during the early stages of tumor development.
Although the frequent detection of both TGFalpha protein and its mRNA, as well as of EGF/TGFalpha receptor within tumors of all type and grades, suggests that TGFalpha serves to promote tumor growth, its possible role in tumorigenesis or malignant progression is uncertain.
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) contributes to the progression of mammary carcinogenesis in part through synergistic augmentation of estradiol (E2) action.
Mice harboring dual transgenes encoding TGFalpha and either wild-type ERBB2 or c-myc displayed markedly accelerated tumorigenesis compared to mice carrying any of the single transgenes alone, indicative of potent cooperativity.