Our new model reconciles the conflicting studies into the ER at the TFF1 promoter and provides a detailed understanding in the context of the ER's role as both the driver and therapeutic target of breast cancer.
Although E<sub>2</sub> and E<sub>3</sub> were equally efficacious and potent on the endogenous ERE-containing pS2 promoter in the MCF-7 BUS breast cancer cell line co-expressing ERα and ERβ, E<sub>1</sub> was less efficacious and potent than E<sub>2</sub>.
On the basis of TFF1 level distribution between ER-negative and ER-positive postmenopausal patients with tumors of different histological grade, 14 ng/mg was set as the cut-off value to distinguish estrogen-independent from estrogen-dependent TFF1 expression in breast cancer.
Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of pathology-negative ALN (n = 72) confirm that of all the markers tested, mam and TFF1 have the highest apparent sensitivity for detection of micrometastatic breast cancer.
Cytosolic levels of an estrogen-induced breast cancer-associated peptide (TFF1/pS2) in colorectal cancer: clinical significance and relationship with steroid receptors.
The pS2 gene product was firstly identified as an oestrogen-induced molecule in a breast cancer cell line, while recent studies demonstrate a close association with mucus-secreting epithelia.
The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of mRNA for the pS2 gene in breast cancer could contribute useful information on disease behaviour and survival at medium-term follow-up.
Genomic sequencing indicates a correlation between DNA hypomethylation in the 5' region of the pS2 gene and its expression in human breast cancer cell lines.
These data clearly indicate that the breast-cancer-associated pS2 protein also plays an as yet undetermined role in the tumorigenesis of human colorectal carcinomas.
The pS2 gene encodes for a small cysteine-rich protein, and was originally found by differential screening of a cDNA library from the human breast carcinoma cell line, MCF-7.