Other genes involved in sporadic PC include germline MEN1 and rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations and somatic alterations of the retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) and tumor protein P53 (TP53) genes, as well as epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and histone modifications, and microRNA misregulation.
The finding of both p53 allelic loss and abnormal p53 protein expression in parathyroid carcinomas implicates p53 in the pathogenesis of a subset of these tumors.