(CK7 is common to all epithelial tumours, CEA can be expressed in clear cell carcinoma, WT1 is normally expressed in serous carcinoma, calretinin is expressed in mesothelioma and CK20 in colon carcinoma).
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the most widely used tumor marker in colon cancer; however, there has been controversy regarding the significance of preoperative serum CEA level as a prognostic factor for recurrence.
A combination of miR-155 level assay in colon cancer tissue and the serum CEA level both pre- and postoperatively can afford more accurate information for diagnosis and prognosis, especially for predicting recurrence and metastasis postoperatively.
A multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 0.97, P < 0.001), tumor size (OR 1.01, P < 0.001), moderate (OR 1.77, P = 0.001) or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumor (OR 5.60, P < 0.001), right colon cancer (OR 1.39, P = 0.008), and a positive carcinoembryonic antigen level (OR 1.51, P = 0.004) were independent predictive factors for LNM.
Analysis of CXCL17 messenger RNA is particularly useful to detect less differentiated colon cancer tumors expressing relatively low carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA levels.
Biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) show low sensitivity (~ 40%), and thus the demand for novel biomarkers for CC diagnosis is increasing.
ChIP-sequencing revealed that Lv1 overexpression in IRF1-treated cells induces transcriptional silencing across many genes, including <i>DCC</i> (<u>d</u>eleted in <u>c</u>olorectal <u>c</u>arcinoma), associated with CEACAM5 in colon cancer.
Combined TC, HDL, CEA and CA19-9 as a diagnostic marker for colon cancer had the highest positive predictive rate in comparison with individual, two or three of the parameters.
Differential expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) splice variants in whole blood of colon cancer patients and healthy volunteers: implication for the detection of circulating colon cancer cells.
Expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytes of a single-chain anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody. Redirected Fas ligand-mediated lysis of colon carcinoma.
Finally, CEA-specific T-cell precursors could be readily expanded by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from colon cancer patients with altered CEA peptide.