Paired serum and CSF samples were obtained from 101 SLE patients when they presented active neuropsychiatric manifestations (69 patients with diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes [diffuse NPSLE] and 32 patients with neurologic syndromes or peripheral neuropathy [focal NPSLE]).
To identify specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the diagnosis and disease severity evaluation of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).