Mutations in the gene encoding the giant skeletal muscle protein titin are associated with a variety of muscle disorders, including recessive congenital myopathies ±cardiomyopathy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) and late onset dominant distal myopathy.
Finally, we consider the contemporary and potential future role for genetic stratification in cardiomyopathy and in the general population, evaluating titin variation as a predictor of outcome and treatment response for precision medicine.
Individuals of European ancestry with hiPSI TTNtv have an abnormal cardiac phenotype characterized by lower left ventricular ejection fraction, irrespective of the clinical manifestation of cardiomyopathy.
Genetic mutations associated with cardiomyopathy play a key role in disease formation, especially the mutation of sarcomere encoding genes and ATP kinase genes, such as titin, lamin A/C, myosin heavy chain 7, and troponin T1.
Connectin, also called titin, is the largest protein with a critical function as a molecular spring during contraction and relaxation of striated muscle; its mutation leads to severe myopathy and cardiomyopathy.
The Giant Protein Titin's Role in Cardiomyopathy: Genetic, Transcriptional, and Post-translational Modifications of TTN and Their Contribution to Cardiac Disease.
So far, only 127 mutations of Titin(TTN) have been reported in patients with different phenotypes such as isolated cardiomyopathies, purely skeletal muscle phenotypes or complex overlapping disorders of muscles.
It furthermore highlights that rare titin missense variants, currently often ignored or left uninterpreted, should be considered to be relevant for cardiomyopathies and can be identified by the approach presented here.
We uncovered genomic regions of selective sweeps in the LBP and BPI genes (<i>Salmonella</i> infection) and the TTN and ITGB6 genes (cardiomyopathy), among several candidate genes.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have shown that urinary titin is a useful noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis and screening of not only DMD, but also of neuromuscular diseases, for predicting the outcome of cardiomyopathy and for evaluating physical activities.
Pathogenic mutations in the gene encoding the giant skeletal muscle protein titin (TTN) are associated with several muscle disorders, including cardiomyopathy, recessive congenital myopathies and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) type10.
This review summarizes recent insight into the mechanisms behind how titin gene mutations cause hereditary cardiomyopathy and how titin protein is mechanically active in skeletal and cardiac myocytes.