Specifically, pATM(Ser1981) histologic scores for PanIN-1, PanIN-2, and PanIN-3 were 4.83, 5.14, and 7.17, respectively, versus 2.33 for the ductal epithelium (ANOVA, P<0.0001); the corresponding scores for pChk2(Thr68) were 5.43, 7.64, and 5.44 in PanINs-1, -2, and -3, respectively, versus 2.75 in the ductal epithelium (ANOVA, P<0.0001).